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Latest articles
Reverse vesting as a founder retention mechanism in emerging companies
In M&A transactions, it is quite common to encounter contractual clauses whose content does not derive directly from any statutory provision, but which emerge through repeated use and eventually become almost standard market practice. This is particularly striking in European jurisdictions, where company law is relatively heavily regulated. However, investment transactions involve an extraordinarily wide […]
Article 50 of the AI Act: disclaimer, labelling or metadata? The European Commission’s guidance on transparency obligations
“Hello, I’m Maria from the customer service team. How can I help you?” But… is Maria really a person? Customer service chatbots, virtual assistants, product images, marketing campaigns and AI-generated texts are already part of many companies’ day-to-day operations. Yet users cannot always tell when they are interacting with AI or when content has been […]
Shareholders’ agreements: when signing the agreement is not enough to guarantee its enforcement
A shareholders’ agreement can set out in detail what should happen if a founder leaves the company, breaches their commitments, or a majority decides to sell the company. However, when the time comes to enforce those provisions, a problem can arise: the transfer of the shares may depend precisely on the signature or consent of […]












